Defining Alarmism

Dec 16, 2018

On Dec. 9, the Parkersburg News and Sentinel published a piece by syndicated columnist, Mona Charen. Ms. Charen spoke of climate alarmism and how many environmental and climate activists were resorting to fear-based tactics in their climate and environmental messaging that are over-the-top and are not helpful in addressing their concerns. I beg to differ, for the most part.

On Dec. 1, 11 members of Mid-OhioValley Climate Action attended the 2018 National Energy Conference at West Virginia University College of Law, hosted by the WVU College of Law Center for Energy and Sustainable Development, Friends of Blackwater and the Appalachian Stewardship Foundation. The keynote speaker at the event was Emily Calandrelli, WVU graduate with a B.S. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) graduate with a master’s degree Aeronautics and Astronautics and Technology and Policy. Emily is an Emmy-nominated science TV host and Executive Producer of Fox’s Xploration Outer Space, a correspondent on Bill Nye’s Netflix program Bill Nye Saves the World and author of a children’s book series on STEM about a little girl in West Virginia, Ada Lace Adventures.

Part of the focus of the conference was climate communications and there were numerous speakers and panelists throughout the day. An especially good panelist, I felt, was a University of Maryland psychologist named Dylan Selterman. Dylan’s focus was on decision-making and what motivates people on a cognitive level. Dylan pointed out that liberals and conservatives tend to view the world a bit differently.Liberals tend to value things like equality, community and fairness most, while conservatives tend to value things like loyalty, respect and patriotism most.Being aware of this can have a profound effect on how we all communicate with one another regarding anthropogenic climate change.

I mention the conference, and Ms. Callandrelli and Mr. Selterman in particular, because the conclusion these and other panelists and speakers reached on climate communications is that it is important not to scare people to death. This is something that most of the climate and environmental activist community fundamentally understands. There are those who try to use the fear tactic, but it’s most often an unsuccessful motivator, as it leads mostly to despair and a feeling of helplessness.

That said, numerous reports and studies released in recent months warrant serious concern and demand our immediate attention. On Black Friday, volume II of the 4th National Climate Assessment was released by 13 federal entities under the Trump administration.This report was nearly 1,700 pages in length and included such findings as a predicted 10 percent loss in gross domestic product (GDP) in the U.S. by 2100related directly to climate change.

On Oct. 8, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a body of approximately 2,000 global scientists, released their report on a world where we encounter 1.5C(centigrade) warming over a pre-industrial baseline, the lowest and most ambitious target set in the 2015 Paris Climate Accords. The report warned that the world must reach net zero carbon and equivalent greenhouse gas emissions by2050 to avoid potential climate catastrophe should we exceed 1.5C or at the most 2C of warming over a pre-industrial baseline. We’re currently on track to hit at least 3C warming by the end of the century.

Given these realities, I think there is plenty of reason to sound an alarm. Global governments are not doing nearly enough on what you could say even approaches a reasonable time frame. The Trump administration is headed in the exact opposite direction from what’s needed,exacerbating global warming on a daily basis. Ms. Charen accuses the climate and environmental activist community of alarmism, but it is not hyperbole to simply state what the science unequivocally shows and call for the actions necessary to mitigate what we’ve locked in and prevent the worst from occurring. Ms. Charen recommends nuclear energy as a solution, as do others.Perhaps nuclear is part of the equation but, contrary to what Ms. Charen states, nuclear is prohibitively costly and we would need to explore so-called new age nuclear options to avoid some of nuclear energy’s worst drawbacks.

The science is settled, the threat is real and growing, and the time for action is right now. Together we can tackle the challenge of anthropogenic global climate change, but we’ve got to stop the politically motivated back and forth and work to deliver real solutions. It starts with public policy and the actions of global asset managers and investors, but it doesn’t end there. Please join us at Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action today and let’s work together locally to effect change globally.

***

Eric Engle of Parkersburg is Chairman of Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action.

Response

As Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action was called out in the Parkersburg News Sentinel this morning, I will offer a retort here and pin it to the top of our page for anyone who may come to this public page looking around after reading Mr. Mullen’s nonsense.

Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action is not usually in the habit of responding to right-wing hysterical paranoia and propagandizing, but I feel it is necessary in this case to offer up something of actual substance to counter Mr. Mullen’s numerous falsities and lack of even rudimentary understanding of climate science.

Let’s begin with the most recent development from just this weekend. Day before yesterday, 13 federal agencies under the Trump administration released the 1,700 page Fourth National Climate Assessment – https://nca2018.globalchange.gov – showing in great detail that anthropogenic (human-caused) global climate change is, among other things, exacerbating and increasing the prevalence of heat waves, droughts, wildfires and strengthening hurricanes and other precipitation events and leading to more coastal flooding and inundation by rising seas. Please review at least the summary findings of the report at the link provided. The economic effects are and will be devastating.

Going back a bit further to October, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a body of approximately 2,000 global scientists from 195 member countries who review and present the findings of the global climate science community periodically, released it’s Sixth Assessment, this time on 1.5C (centigrade) scenarios wherein the world keeps global temperatures from rising more than 1.5C above a preindustrial baseline. A World Meteorological Organization summary of the assessment can be found here – https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=5188

Regarding Mr. Mullen’s questioning of the scientific consensus on human-caused global climate change, I reference Dr. James Lawrence Powell, Ph.D. in Geochemistry and two-time appointee to the National Science Board by Presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush, who conducted 5 literature reviews of all published, peer-reviewed scientific literature on global climate change between 1991-2015 (54,195 articles) and found an average consensus on the reality of human-caused global climate change of 99.94%.

It’s often said that there is a 97% consensus (still greater than the medical science consensus that smoking or chewing tobacco is harmful to human health) but that the “3%” should be acknowledged and the rest rejected. To refute this, I offer the work of Dr. Katharine Hayhoe, an atmospheric scientist at Texas Tech University (known for her Evangelical Christian Faith) published in the journal of Theoretical & Applied Climatology. See here an article in Quartz on Hayhoe et. Al’s findings – https://www.google.com/…/the-3-of-scientific-papers-th…/amp/

So far as what Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action is doing in the schools, MOVCA has a team of 8 folks who have reached out to area public schools to educate students on anthropogenic global climate change and how they can make a difference at home, in their communities, in their state (West Virginia or Ohio) and even nationally and globally. To date, our educational outreach team has reached approximately 3,000 area students and we will continue this important effort.

We also have a good rapport and working relationship with the editorial staffs of the Parkersburg News & Sentinel and Marietta Times, but, as Mr. Mullen’s piece makes clear, these papers do not hesitate to publish the viewpoints of others and are not engaging in some kind of vast left-wing conspiracy.

Anthropogenic global climate change is settled science. Solutions exist for mitigation and adaptation, all that is currently lacking is the political will to go through with these solutions, many of which consist of or must be lead or supported by public policy. Mr. Mullen’s conspiratorial, willfully-ignorant, propagandistic and entirely politically-motivated rhetoric is not solving anything, and in fact is contributing to the problem even as hurricanes worsened by warmer ocean surface waters and warmer air holding more moisture have killed thousands; wildfires fueled by hotter, drier conditions and a wavier jet stream preventing relief have killed hundreds and destroyed thousands of properties and acres; and cities like Miami are flooding at high tide, just to name a few present effects.

Together, we can tackle anthropogenic global climate change and save lives today and in the future, but this empty-headed nonsense on display by Mr. Mullen can no longer be treated as a viable alternative viewpoint to what is a virtually unanimous global scientific consensus or as an alternate reality to what is happening before our very eyes.

Please share widely!

#SavetheGrandchildren
#ClimateActionNow

 

Tell PSC we want choice

Parkersburg News & Sentinel – Nov 4, 2018

To quote the organization Solar United Neighbors of West Virginia, “West Virginia’s monopoly electric utilities — Appalachian Power, Wheeling Power, Mon Power, and Potomac Edison — want to drastically reduce the rate at which net-metered solar owners receive credit for the energy their solar panels produce. If the state’s Public Service Commission accepts the utilities’ proposal, this would penalize existing solar owners who went solar expecting to receive full retail-rate credit, and would strongly discourage additional West Virginians from investing in solar.”

Solar United Neighbors continues, “The utilities’ proposal comes at a time when the Public Service Commission is considering changes to the state’s net metering regulation. The PSC proposed relatively minor changes, but the utilities have taken this opportunity to argue for gutting our net metering rules, making it far more expensive for West Virginians to go solar.”

We must let the Public Service Commission know that this is unacceptable. No matter your political ideology or party affiliation, we can all agree that penalizing West Virginians for trying to generate their own energy and feed part of what’s generated back into the grid is just mindless greed on the part of existing electric utilities.

Public comments to the PSC regarding this reduction of net metering rates are due by Nov. 8. To protect reasonable net metering rates, go to www.solarunitedneighbors.org/westvirginia/ and click on “contact the public service commission” on the main page by or before Nov. 8. Or you can go to Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action’s facebook group page and click into the Solar United Neighbors comments page for the PSC at the top of MOVCA’s page under “announcements.”

Let’s take a stand today for renewable energy independence in West Virginia. Montani Semper Liberi.

Eric Engle

Parkersburg

 

We must act on climate change

Parkersburg News & Sentinel – Oct 21, 2018 Eric Engle

There are a few things I think everyone needs to know in lieu of Trump’s “60 Minutes” comments on climate change following the most recent IPCC report.

When you look at literature reviews by the likes of Dr. James Lawrence Powell, the global scientific consensus on the existence of anthropogenic (human-caused) global climate change is actually about 99.6 percent or a fraction of a percent less than 100 percent. Not to mention that the notorious “3 percent” have been thoroughly discredited by the likes of Dr. Katherine Hayhoe. So, in reality, the global scientific consensus is virtually 100 percent. We are as absolutely certain as you can scientifically be.

Even assuming just a 97 percent consensus with a credible 3 percent opposing (which is not the case) that’s still greater certainty than the one that exists in the medical community that smoking tobacco is harmful to human health.

There is no question that climate change is occurring, that we are causing it, that it is a dangerous and increasingly catastrophic threat with the possibility of becoming existential (aka we become extinct) in the next century or so, or that we must act right now. None of this is equivocal, none of this is debatable.

Trump says that climate change is occurring now instead of calling it a hoax (progress I suppose) but that “it’ll change back.” Well, that’s actually not entirely wrong. The earth will reach an equilibrium under a business as usual scenario, but that equilibrium point will be a state in which we cannot exist. We evolved along with countless other species in a sort of goldilocks geological epoch known as the Holocene. We have altered earth’s atmosphere and natural systems to the point where most geologists agree that we have changed that geological epoch to what is called the Anthropocene (Anthrop = Greek for Human — cene is from the Greek Kainos meaning “new” or “recent”). The Anthropocene, should we do nothing or fail to do enough, will be our demise.

We have to act, folks. And we have to start by electing candidates to become officeholders who will deal in reality and not deny climate change or water it down because their palms are greased by fossil fuels interests or they think a deity is going to handle this or something. Vote to save ourselves and our children and grandchildren this election cycle and next!

Eric Engle

Parkersburg

Climate Change: Bad News and Good News

Marietta Times 10/14/2018 Viewpoint by George Banziger

First the bad news about climate change. This past week the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) raised the alarm with their new report, which stated that global warming needs to be limited at or below 1.5 degrees Centigrade. If not, there will continue to be–at increasing frequency–mass wild fires, food shortages, and dying coral reefs by 2040. We are also likely to see an increase of massive storms in frequency and intensity, such as hurricanes Harvey, Maria, and Florence. Climate scientists can now with “attribution models” specifically ascribe the increase in intensity of these storms to climate change. Climate change caused by human activity also can lead to rising sea levels, which will soon be evidenced in the flooding of fishing communities on the Chesapeake Bay and regular inundation of streets in Miami Beach. It is also likely that climate change will lead to an increase in terrorism due to new migration patterns, water, and food shortages. This report, however, has landed on Donald Trump’s desk with a thud, as he ignores or denies this information provided by an organization composed of 235 scientists from 57 countries and a report reviewed by 2,000+ experts and based on 9,000+ peer-reviewed documents; he has withdrawn  U.S. from the Paris Climate Accord, which was signed by 194 other countries. Following his model, Brazil may also withdraw. Other warning signs–there have been record droughts in South Africa and Australia, accelerated warming in the Arctic, and 87 degrees on October 9 in the Mid-Ohio Valley!

Amidst this “carbon cloud” of gloom there is some good news. Bottom-up constructive reaction to climate change is occurring in states like California, New York, and Massachusetts in the form of support for technological innovation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Solar technology is accelerating  increasing the longevity and efficiency and lowering the costs of solar panels. Jobs in the solar area (360,000 nationally) exceed those in coal and nuclear combined. In our region AEP-Ohio has announced a solar generating hub in Highland County. In this historic commitment to renewable energy last month AEP-Ohio filed a proposal with the Public Utilities Commission to develop this 400 megawatt solar facility  and 500 mw of wind power. In a survey conducted by AEP-Ohio last summer 89% of residential customers and 75% of commercial customers at least moderately supported a shift to renewable energy. The long-term savings for this shift to renewables will result in $200 million savings for its customers. Despite Trump’s attempt to resurrect the coal industry, energy companies themselves are opting to close coal-fired power plants. Government-supported welfare for coal will not bring back coal jobs nor rejuvenate this dying industry.

Some critics of renewable energy have mentioned that fossil-fuel based energy is needed when the sun does not shine and the wind does not blow. This issue is being addressed by some amazing recent innovations in battery technology, which can store both solar and wind energy for future use. Among these innovations are: the large lithium-ion battery being developed in Australia by Tesla; the zinc-air batteries that can be used to capture solar energy in microgrids in places like Africa and Asia; and the mountain water plants in Austria which pump water up to higher elevations when renewable power is in excess and then send the water downhill to generator turbines when power is needed. In another piece of good news the Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Paul Romer and William Nordhaus, who have helped identify the costs of climate change in terms of crop failures, flooding, and expenses for storm recovery. These Nobel winners have advanced our thinking concerning the costs of inaction and the benefits of action to address climate change.

We have also seen innovation to address climate change locally in the form of the installation of solar panels on the Municipal Court Building in Marietta and on the roof of the sanctuary building of the First Unitarian Universalist Society of Marietta. There are also dedicated volunteers and groups in our area working to conduct education about climate change and how to constructively respond to the challenges it represents. Most active among these groups is Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action, which has an active presence on Facebook.

* George Banziger, Ph..D., was a faculty member at Marietta College and an academic dean at three other colleges. Now retired, he is a volunteer for the Devola MultiUse Trail Committee, Mid-Ohio Valley Interfaith, and Harvest of Hope. He is a member of the Green Sanctuary Committee of the First Unitarian Universalist Society of Marietta, and of the Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action group.

Faith Panel Discusses Issues at MOV Climate Action Meeting

Faith panel discusses issues at Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action meeting

Sep 22, 2018

From staff reports

editoral@newsandsentinel.com

 

PARKERSBURG — Five local faith leaders described their denominations’ call for responsible stewardship of the earth 15 days after Hurricane Florence slammed into the Carolinas at a meeting Thursday of Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action.

The pastors and lay leaders said they were called by God to be stewards of creation, and to protect and preserve the web of life.

The Rev. Shauna Hyde of the United Methodist Church said Methodists offer a sermon series, the “Seasons of Creation,” and that almost all church renovations result in greater energy efficiency and resource conservation.

Mike Bailey of the First Unitarian Universalist Society of Marietta created the Green Sanctuary Committee at the church when he read the church’s Statement of Conscience in 2006.

“We started small, becoming aware of what we ate, what we drove, and encouraged everyone to make the steps they could to reduce extreme global climate change,” he said.

The church leaders and Climate Action plan to work together to help people find ways to understand the issues and act together to protect the environment.

Also participating in the panel were the Rev. Rich Johnson of Beechwood Presbyterian Church, the Rev. Janice Hill of the Disciples of Christ and the Rev. Jerrie Green of the United Methodist Church.

MOV Climate Action hosts a public meeting on a variety of related topics at 7 p.m. on the third Thursdays of the month at the Disciples of Christ, Latrobe Street and Washington Avenue, Parkersburg. The public is invited.

Wind Power Not More Expensive

Wind power not more expensive

Wood County Delegate Deem recently criticized the WV Public Service Commission for approving the purchase of wind power from an Indiana wind farm by Appalachian Electric Power (AEP) writing: “Knowing that wind power costs about three times as much as electricity that is generated from coal, oil and natural gas, it makes you wonder why rate payers would have to pay this added cost”

Delegate Deem did not share with us any data supporting this assertion nor did he identify who it was who was “knowing” the alleged cost of wind versus coal power. I, for one, am not “knowing” his assertion because I know from reading an article in the science magazine Scientific American (8/28/17) that “a comprehensive survey of the wind industry shows wind energy is routinely purchased in bulk for 2 cents per kilowatt hour (KH), less than the cost of coal and natural gas — and turbines are getting cheaper, bigger and better.” The article was based on a 2016 report by the U.S. Department of Energy (obviously released before Trump’s critters could lay their paws on it), which found that U.S. wind energy will continue to be one of the lowest cost electricity generating technologies available.” I suspect that AEP also knows that wind power is cheaper than coal and natural gas because it is in the business of making a profit and profits are generally not made by paying the highest price for something, even if it’s good ol’ West Virginia coal.

Perhaps Del. Deem used “knowing” in the Biblical sense, that is, that he believes or has faith that coal is cheaper than wind power. While people often avoid real facts by wishful thinking, I expect that’s how the House of Delegates operates, the human species is running out of time for wishful thinking and needs real solutions real fast. In fact, many climate scientists feel that we have already passed the point of no return. Nevertheless, for the sake of future generations, we must try to reduce global warming and we can’t do that by burning coal, which releases more heat trapping CO2 than any other energy source.

Wonder if Del. Deem wouldn’t mind passing that message to the good ol’ boys down in Charleston? Surely, at least for some, the prospect of an uninhabitable planet by the time of their grandchildren would outweigh their greed and lust for coal money.

Patrick N. Radcliff

Vienna

Exxon, Shell and climate change

Sep 23, 2018 Parkersburg News and Sentinel, Eric Engle

Benjamin Franta, a former research fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, and doctoral candidate at Stanford University where his focus is on the history of climate science and politics, recently wrote a piece for The Guardian newspaper titled “Shell and Exxon’s Secret 1980s Climate Change Warnings.”

In the piece, Franta explores how documents from Exxon and Shell scientists in the 1980s clearly showed that CO2 release from the burning of fossil fuels would warm the planet and that climate catastrophe would undoubtedly ensue. Franta quotes Shell’s analysts as warning of “the disappearance of specific ecosystems or habitat destruction … runoff, destructive floods and inundation of low-lying farmland … and new sources of freshwater being required” to compensate for changes in precipitation. The Shell analysts also warned that global changes in air temperature would “drastically change the way people live and work” and that “the changes may be the greatest in recorded history.”

Exxon, as Franta quotes, warned of “potentially catastrophic events that must be considered” such as “devastating sea level rise” and “the American Midwest and other parts of the world becoming desert-like.”

To quote Franta directly, “The documents make for frightening reading. And the effect is all the more chilling in view of the oil giants’ refusal to warn the public about the damage that their own researchers predicted. Shell’s report, marked ‘confidential,’ was first disclosed by a Dutch news organization earlier this year. Exxon’s study was not intended for external distribution, either; it was leaked in 2015.”

These oil giants, and researchers that preceded them as far back as the 1950s who were also part of or consulted by the fossil fuels industry, decided for us that anthropogenic (human-caused) global climate change was not going to be meaningfully addressed. Instead, the industry started a massive, decades-long misinformation and denial campaign.

These documents reveal two things unequivocally: (1) even the industry most responsible found that human-caused global climate change is real and a growing threat, as we’ve seen daily. And (2) the fossil fuels industry should be held accountable for the lion’s share of mitigation efforts and efforts to prevent the most catastrophic effects of what they chose to ignore and deny.

A lawsuit filed by the group Our Children’s Trust (Juliana v. U.S.) seeks to hold the fossil fuels industry and U.S. federal government accountable for violation of the constitutional rights of the youth plaintiffs in the suit. The suit alleges that the industry and the federal government knowingly violated the rights of the plaintiffs (and of us all) to life, liberty and property, as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, when they refused to address anthropogenic global climate change.

The suit, originally filed in 2015, has most recently been allowed to proceed by the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and has a trial date set in federal district court on Oct. 29. Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action is working with other organizations statewide to encourage people to show up at the federal district courthouse in Charleston on Oct. 29 to show our support for the plaintiffs and for holding industry and government accountable. Our Children’s Trust has asked people in every state to do the same.

The most profitable industry in the history of the world and an enabling government have attempted to decide our collective fate for us, but we will not go down without a fight and we will work toward a better future than the one they have tried to leave us with.

***

Eric Engle is chairman of Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action.

 

Why Not Turn to Wind?

Why not turn to wind?

Sep 16, 2018 Parkersburg News and Sentinel Wayne Dunn

After reading Del. Frank Deem’s letter “Why turn to wind?” I felt very concerned for West Virginia for having elected officials so out of touch with science and reality. Not understanding the world we are moving into and not pushing hard for a more diverse economy that opens the opportunities into the future merely drags West Virginia down, while other states are moving ahead economically.

Coal is not and cannot responsibly be a part of our country’s distant future. Though it once served us well, its pursuit will likely spiral West Virginia downward. Mr. Deem states that we should not pursue wind electricity in West Virginia because we have coal, oil and gas. He apparently gets his “science” from the fossil fuel industry. Real science has conclusively shown a catastrophic future if we pursue coal, oil and gas electricity instead of sun, wind, nuclear, geothermal, etc. … anyone heard of human caused climate change? Rather than wind energy being three times as expensive as fossil fuels, utility scale wind/sun farming have dropped prices to nearly that of fossil fuels, and are far below fossil fuel costs in many parts of the world.

Though we have much gas available, coal in West Virginia is not price competitive within the U.S. Once 6-foot seams of coal are now 2- to 3-foot seams. Add another $3-4/ton to clean the dirt from these shallow seams. Shall we again mention the huge health, infrastructure and environmental costs that the fossil fuel industry puts on the backs of taxpayers? It’s time to move on.

President Obama’s Clean Air Act was a well thought out, science-backed effort to improve our health, well-being and environment. Its goal for cars of 54 mpg by 2025 would help cut living costs and improve health for all of us. Keeping car gas mileage at 37 or less mpg, as our present leaders want, merely costs citizens. So, who is looking after your interests? Mr. Deem’s plan will certainly cost us more and degrade health in even the very near future. Electricity will be more expensive with his plan. Check the science.

If we want a healthier, happier and less expensive society, then our policies and direction must be based on good information.

Dr. Wayne Dunn

Past County Commissioner

Mineral Wells

 

Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action launches PSA contest

Parkersburg News & Sentinel Sep 3, 2018

PARKERSBURG — Mid-Ohio Valley Climate Action has organized a contest for students to develop a public service announcement about climate change.

The environmental advocacy group is encouraging high school and college students to develop an announcement of 25 seconds or less about the danger of climate change and the urgent need for action in the Appalachian region.

“Over the last year, MOVCA looked to air PSAs already done by other groups, but they were not relevant to our area, or there were too many restrictions on using them,” said Jean Ambrose, a vice chairman of the group. “We ended up creating one ourselves — and we’re still proud to show it — but we also liked the idea of a contest inviting area students and AV staff and faculty to create a PSA on climate change. This year, thanks to a grant from the Dunn Foundation, we are able to make it happen and offer prizes for winning PSAs in both video and audio formats.”

Ambrose said that Phase I of the contest includes cash prizes for the top three submissions in both video and audio categories.

The first-place video creators will be awarded $500, second place will receive $300 and third place $200. Audio awards are $250 for first place, $150 for second place, and $100 for third place, she said.

The contest rules and requirements have been distributed to schools and colleges through communications instructors.

Video or audio PSAs of 25 seconds or less must be submitted for review by Oct. 15 when judges will look at the quality and accuracy of the entries. Those approved will move to Phase II of the contest to compete on social media for the most views for an additional prize.

Giulia Mannarino, co-vice chairman, said the contest information form includes a list of readily available resources participants can consult so their PSAs accurately communicate the facts and science of climate change. A script including citations of sources for statements made must be submitted with the PSA.

“We hope to see and hear PSAs that tell us global warming is real, it’s caused by human activity, it’s urgent that we act against it, and that there are solutions out there right now,” Mannarino said.

The PSAs are to be directed to the Appalachian region and the Mid-Ohio Valley community at large, “so we are looking for elements that depict or reflect our area, “ Ambrose said. “We want these short messages to communicate ideas about climate change that our community needs to engage with, think through, and act upon.”

To download the full contest requirements and application forms, go to https://main.movclimateaction.org and click on the PSA contest menu item. Questions about the contest rules or application procedures should be directed to Ambrose at 304 679-3970 or to jeanambrose8@gmail.com.